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Friday, December 25, 2020

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Transformer losses

1. Core loss or Iron loss

a. Hysteresis loss in transformer:

Hysteresis loss is due to reversal of magnetization in the transformer core.

This loss depends upon the volume and grade of the iron, frequency of magnetic reversals and value of flux density.

Steinmetz formula:
W_h= ηB_max^1.6fV (watts)
where, η = Steinmetz hysteresis constant
V = volume of the core in m³

F = Frequency

Energy loss in a transformer

(Eddy current in the core )

b. Eddy current loss in transformer: In transformer, AC current is supplied to the primary winding which sets up alternating magnetizing flux. When this flux links with secondary winding, it produces induced emf in it. But some part of this flux also gets linked with other conducting parts like steel core or iron body or the transformer, which will result in induced emf in those parts, causing small circulating current in them. This current is called as eddy current. Due to these eddy currents, some energy will be dissipated in the form of heat.

· K_e– coefficient of eddy current. Its value depends upon the nature of magnetic material like volume and resistivity of core material, the thickness of laminations

· B_m – maximum value of flux density in wb/m²

· t – thickness of lamination in meters

· F – frequency of reversal of the magnetic field in Hz

· V – the volume of magnetic material in m³

2. Copper loss:

Copper loss is also called ohm loss; copper loss is also called variable loss

Because if temperature increasing then winding resistance also increasing

That causes I2R loss also increase.

Copper loss is due to ohmic resistance of the transformer windings. Copper loss for the primary winding is I₁²R₁ and for secondary winding is I₂²R₂. Where, I₁ and I₂ are current in primary and secondary winding respectively, R₁ and R₂ are the resistances of primary and secondary winding respectively.